Criminal Harassment Definition, Conditions, Examples

The crime of harassment is any kind of behavior that is unwanted and is intended to annoy, disturb, alarm, torment, upset or terrorize an individual or group. States have specific laws governing different types of harassment including, but not limited to, stalking, hate crimes, cyberstalking and cyberbullying. In most jurisdictions, for criminal harassment to occur the behavior must present a credible threat to the victims safety or their familys safety. Each state has statutes covering specific harassment offenses that are often charged as misdemeanors and can result in fines, jail time, probation, and community service. Internet Harassment There are three categories of internet harassment: Cyberstalking, Cyberharassment, and Cyberbullying. Cyberstalking Cyberstalking is the use of electronic technology such as computers, cell phones and tablets that can access the internet and send emails to repeatedly stalk or threaten physical harm to a person or group. This can include posting threats on social web pages, chat rooms, website bulletin boards, through instant messaging and through emails. Example of Cyberstalking In January 2009, Shawn D. Memarian, 29, of Kansas City, Missouri pleaded guilty to cyberstalking by using the Internet - including e-mails and website postings - to cause substantial emotional distress and fear of death or serious bodily injury. His victim was a woman he met online and dated for about four weeks. Memarian also posed as the victim and posted fake personal ads on social media sites and in the profile described her as sex freak looking for sexual encounters. The posts included her phone number and home address. As a  result, she received numerous phone calls from men answering the ad and around 30 men showed up at her home, often late at night.He was sentenced to 24 months in prison and 3 years of supervised release, and ordered to pay $3,550 in restitution. Cyberharassment Cyberharassment is similar to cyberstalking, but it does not involve any physical threat  but uses the same methods to harass, humiliate, slander, control or torment a person. Example of Cyberharassment In 2004, 38-year-old James Robert Murphy of South Carolina was sentenced to $12,000 in restitution, 5 years probation and 500 hours of community service in the first federal prosecution of cyberharassment. Murphy was guilty of harassing an ex-girlfriend by sending multiple threatening emails and fax messages to her and to her co-workers. He then began sending pornography to her co-workers and made it appear as if she was sending it. Cyberbullying Cyberbullying is when the internet or interactive electronic technology such as mobile phones is used to harass, insult, embarrass, humiliate, torment or threaten another person. This can include posting embarrassing pictures and videos, sending insulting and threatening text messages, making derogatory public remarks on social media sites, name-calling, and other offensive behavior. Cyberbullying usually refers to minors bullying other minors. Example of Cyberbullying In June 2015 Colorado passed the Kiana Arellano Law that addresses cyberbullying. Under the law cyberbullying is considered harassment which is a misdemeanor and punishable by fines up to $750 and six months in jail. The law was named after 14-year-old Kiana Arellano who was Douglas County high school cheerleader and who was being bullied online with anonymous hateful text messages stating that no one at her school liked her, that she needed to die and offering to help, and other vulgar demeaning messages. Kiana, like many young teenagers, dealt with depression. One day the depression mixed with the non-stop cyberbullying was too much for her to cope with an attempted suicide by hanging herself in the garage of her home. Her father found her, applied CPR until the medical team arrived, but due to the lack of oxygen to Kianas brain, she suffered severe brain damage. Today she is paraplegic and unable to talk. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, 49 states have enacted legislation aimed at protecting students from cyberbullying. Example of State Harassment Statues In Alaska, a person can be charged with harassment if they: Insult, taunt, or challenge another person in a manner likely to provoke an immediate violent response;​Telephone another and fail to terminate the connection with intent to impair the ability of that person to place or receive telephone calls;​Make repeated telephone calls at extremely inconvenient hours;​Make an anonymous or obscene telephone call, an obscene electronic communication, or a telephone call or electronic communication that threatens physical injury or sexual contact;​Subject another person to offensive physical contact;​Publish or distribute electronic or printed photographs, pictures, or films that show the genitals, anus, or female breast of the other person or show that the person engaged in a sexual act; orRepeatedly send or publish an electronic communication that insults, taunts, challenges, or intimidates a person under 18 years of age in a manner that places the person in reasonable fear of physical injury. In some states, it is not only the person making the offensive phone calls or emails that can be charged with harassment  but also the person who owns the equipment. When Harassment Is a Felony Factors that can change a harassment charge from a misdemeanor to a serious felony include: If the person is a repeat offenderIf the person is under a restraining orderIf the harassment is a hate crime

Breast Cancer Website Analysis - 881 Words

This memo is being written for the sole purpose of evaluating the variances of information between two diverse websites regarding analogous topics to compare and assess their effectiveness for providing medical information on Breast Cancer to individuals. The websites that have been chosen for assessment are as follows: 1). http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/guide/understanding-breat-cancer-basics#1 2). http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/breast-treatment-pdq WebMD focuses on information that can be understood by individuals that are untrained in the medical profession. This would most likely be obtained by someone that was affected by this disease, family of affected person, and also medical health†¦show more content†¦In contrast, Cancer.gov is labeled directly for medical health professionals and gives the option to switch to the patient version. The medical health professions would include: nurses, doctors, and medical assistants, for example. However, the patient version still employs precise terminology and information that is not generally given in shortened doctor-to-patient edification. Overall, this website is more challenging to circumnavigate, due to the professional terminology and numerous optional features. However, cancer.gov provides more detailed and descriptive information. Different options and/or links provided copious subtopics on Breast Cancer such as: treatments, causes/preventions, genetics screening stat istics, supportive/palliative care, breast reconstruction options, and research. Consequently, non-medical professionals and/or general public with at least a high school degree would find this website problematic. This due to technical language used in Cancer.gov such as â€Å"Clinical trials have established that screening asymptomatic women using mammography, with or without clinical breast examination, decreases breast cancer mortality† and â€Å"Pathologically, breast cancer can be a multicentric and bilateral disease† (â€Å"Breast Cancer – Treatment - Health Professional Version†, 2017, para.Show MoreRelatedBreast Cancer Awareness1218 Words   |  5 Pages Breast Cancer Awareness Analysis Paper Grant it everyone knows that Breast Cancer Awareness is every year and most celebrated in October. Almost every month except August and December, any kind of cancer is celebrated throughout the year. It is so common that we see the symbols of Breast Cancer and see the advertisements but we do not know specifically the purpose for it. Many people just like the symbol because it is a pretty pink bow that they have never seen before and others hardly missRead More72 New Gene Mutation Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic Mutations Linked to Hereditary Breast Cancer According to the National Cancer Institute, invasive breast cancer affects approximately 1 in 8 U.S. women, and about 5% to 10% of all breast cancers are hereditary. At present, most people are familiar with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, which are inherited gene mutations—or abnormalities in the DNA sequencing—that increase the risk of developing breast cancer. According to statistics from the National Cancer Institute, by age 70, 55% to 65% ofRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Limk11300 Words   |  6 Pagesup-regulated in TCGA breast cancer database The expression of LIMK1 in breast cancer was checked in oncomine website (https://www.oncomine.org/). The TCGA database results (Figure 1) showed that LIMK1 was high expressed in different breast cancer type, including intraductal cribriform breast adenocarcinoma, invasive breast carcinoma, invasive lobular breast carcinoma and mixed lobular and ductal breast carcinoma. These results indicated that LIMK1 could be an oncogene in breast cancer. Mir-138-5p targetedRead MoreThe Psychosocial Effects Of Breast Cancer1506 Words   |  7 PagesBreast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in American women and around 12 percent of women will develop invasive breast cancer in their lifetime.1 Patients have the choice of 5 different types of mastectomy: total mastectomy with removal of breast tissue without lymph node removal, modified radical mastectomy where the entire breast and axillary lymph nodes are removed, radical mastectomy where entire breast and chest muscles are removed, partial mastectomy frequently referred toRead MoreBreast Cancer Community Resources Essay887 Words   |  4 Pages Breast cancer is the predominant form of cancer diagnosed in America women, second only to skin cancer and the primary cause of cancer deaths, surpassed only by lung cancer. Approximations suggest that one in eight women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer during the course of their life (American C ancer Society, 2013). As with any disease, a diagnosis of breast cancer can be tremendously challenging and freighting experience not only during the time of treatment and postRead MoreWhat Milk Really Do Our Body908 Words   |  4 Pagescauses calcium loss. For a worse situation, milk may cause cancer because of its constitution. Milk and dairy products can cause cancer because of the saturated fats which is contained in milk. According to the same Harvard study, it says â€Å"many dairy products are high in saturated fats, and a high saturated fat intake is a risk factor for heart diseases.† Milk not only produces saturated fats, but other elements in milk which also cause cancer. It actually has data to support the argument. In the HarvardRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Major Physical Impact On Abortion1002 Words   |  5 Pagesa. Analysis and Research: According to an article done by the Elliot Institute while getting an abortion done your putting your life at risk and danger for many different type of dangerous complications such as cervical, ovarian, breast and liver cancer. Studies have shown and proven that women who had history of at least one abortion done faces a 2.3 times greater risk of having cervical cancer than composed to a women that never once had an abortion done and if you had m ore than one then the rateRead MoreThe Age Of Artificial Intelligence1418 Words   |  6 PagesJeopardy contestant, but many people do not realize that it is also impacting the medical field in various ways. â€Å"Watson has taken residence at three of the top cancers hospitals in the US where it helps with cancer research and patient care† (â€Å"IBM Watson: What Are Companies Using It For? | ZDNet† 1). Watson is also speeding up DNA analysis in cancer patients to help make their treatment more effective. Another way that artificial intelligence is being used in healthcare is in cognitive prostheses. CognitiveRead MoreEvaluation Of Screening For Breast Cancer1371 Words   |  6 Pagesrecommendation statement regarding breast cancer screening for the general population. It looked at the efficacy of five screening methods in reducing breast cancer mortality: film mammography; clinical breast examination (CBE); breast self-examination (BSE); digital mammography; and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two studies were commissioned: a targeted systematic evidence review of six selected questions relating to the benefits and harms of screening; and a decision analysis that used population modelingRead MoreMarketing Campaign: Organic Foods Essay2209 Words   |  9 Pagesdesign and overall point. Humorous, fearful, and informative pictures and facts are used to show consumers the connection between non-organic foods and disease, cancer, and other disorders in consumers. 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Sharing a Room Is Difficult Free Essays

Sharing a room is difficult. Having a younger sister means mess, mess, and more mess. I try to arrange things a certain way and find them completely changed by the time I get home at the end of the day. We will write a custom essay sample on Sharing a Room Is Difficult or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite the downsides of sharing, I love my room because of the way it has changed throughout the years. The first thing you notice as you enter my bedroom is the blue stars on the white walls, and the cherry laminated wood flooring. The size of the room is not big neither small, just average sized. There is only one window which is on the far right corner, which lets the sunlight in every morning. We have a big mirror on the side facing the dresser and my bed. My bed is my favorite thing in my room. After a long day of studying or working out I get to relax on a soft, comfortable, full sized bed. It has a Dodger blue colored comforter set, and about a dozen pillows. There are usually two to three college books laying there for unfinished homework. Space for me is important. I like to have everything in place and very clean. My biggest obstacle is having enough room for my clothes in the closet. Everything is arranged into shirts, sweaters, and coats on one side; and jeans or sweats on the other. Workout shoes, tennis shoes, and heels are all nicely put on the bottom according to color. Movie nights are usually held at my house and in my room so I have a variety of comedies, action, and thriller movies. My all time favorites include: Gone in Sixty Seconds, Crash, A Walk to Remember, and Love and Basketball. I also have an Xbox in my room for when my brother wants to play Call of Duty. The television is my wakeup call every morning. I have a bookshelf filled with about thirty books. Some from high school other’s just for my enjoyment. I enjoy reading books other people recommend or books that grab my attention. Some of my favorite books you will definitely find on the top shelf are: Dear John, The Lovely Bones, and My Sister’s Keeper. I would usually get home and read for about half an hour on my warm and cozy bed. How to cite Sharing a Room Is Difficult, Essay examples

13th Century Art History Notes free essay sample

The Thirteenth Century †¢Early 14th Century and late 16th Century †¢New kind of collaboration between artists and patrons, religious civic institutions and between the perceived relationship of past to present. †¢Emphasis on the potential of the human being, power of a liberal classical education to produce a well rounded individual. †¢Rivalry between Siena and Florence †¢Guilds associations of workers that set standards of work and prices and protected the rights of workers and their families. Traces of the Classical tradition began to re-appear in Rome in the 12th and 13th century and oClassical Greece artists had striven for idealized but naturalistic three dimentional human for and symmetry Vasari’s Life and the â€Å"Framing† of the Renaissance †¢Mannersit artist and architect Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574) constructed the framework for Renaissance art †¢Biographies of most artists Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects oInfancy, Adolecence and Maturity 14th, 15th and 16th Century oPerfect maturity of the arts embodied by Michelangelo oItalo-centic Saw Byzantine art as negative (emotion) as well as French Gothic style †¢Cimabue †¢Marker the end of the byzantine style †¢Probably from Florence †¢His style indicates that he had absorbed elements of Classical plasticity and a late medieval tendency to express emotion through surface patterns of rich color and gold leaf as well as through content †¢Crucifix 1275 oIn showing the dead Christ, Cimabue was in tune with his recent iconographic developments, which departed from the previously prevailing images of living Christ on the Cross oChristus Patiens is the â€Å"suffering Christ† Elongated, body composed of a graceful â€Å"S† shaped characterized of the Byzantine forms. Stylized pattern of the anatomy oCurvilinear rhythms evident in the gold threading of Christs drapery oRichness of the color by the use of the tempera oFormal geometric unit oItaly crucifixes of this type were often suspended over an altar and related to the liturgy performed there †¢Enthroned Maddona and Child 1285 oHer role as the Heavenly Queen is a metaphor for the stairway to heaven oChrist is the embodiedment of the miraculous Christian â€Å"baby king† childlike in size but adults in his proportions, comportment, and intelligence. Giotto †¢Crucifix oHe slumps forwards and his arms are stretched thin by the natural pull of gravity oAnatomical structure of his body is organically rendered ( no surface styleation) oGiotto’s naturalism, his attention to the lways of gravity, and the complex layers of meaning mark a major step towards the Renaissance style oViewers identified emotionally and physically †¢Enthroned Madonna oSpace is more purely cub ic, with the throne and figures firmly set on horizontal surfaces. The throne does not rise as that of Cimabue and the angles seem to occupy natural space oBoth the throne and figures are weightly and seem to objey the laws of gravity Development of the Gothic Style in Italy and France and the Ars Nova In Flanders †¢Sienna produced a large group of painters in the first half of the 14th century †¢Duccio’s Maesta oLargest altar piece ever created oMade for the high altar piece of siena cathedral oLiterally means â€Å"majesty† oUnusually decorated with narrative panels on the back and on the front oLocated bellow the dome of the cathedral †¢As a result it was visible on all sides Mary’s central role in Sienna is reflected in the iconography of Duccip’s altarpiece. She dominates the front panel, at once the Queen of Heaven and of earth. oGiotto’s counterpart in Florence is Duccio’s in Sienna oDuccio attempts to convey 3D spac e. oPeople of Sienna viewed Marry as their protector (Sienna won against Florence) oVery similar to the style of Cimbue, in the sense that it was Byzantine, it was playing a tribute to the Sienna style oPolitical significance: Gothic style, produced under the French nobility †¢Associated with power, chivalry, honor, courtly french honour †¢They promote her as the queen of Sienna Religious figures are in white †¢Important figures of early Sienna history are in red †¢They are the â€Å"diplomats† of the queen oEmbodies Sienna’s devotion to the Virgin as the mother of Christ and the partons of their city oHe has interwovern civic and religious messages of the altarpiece. †¢Entry to Jerusalem oDifferent priorities when depicting narrative oDifferent levels of architect to divide outside / inside city oNo coordination to one point of view †¢The door, the gate, aerial view Like Cimbue he does not block the faces oThere is no scale, o presp ective †¢Giotto: less is more †¢Duccio: Draw your eye to detail (gothic) †¢Denial of Peter oThere is a juxtaposition, Peter is seen as a hero but also he denies that he is knowing him oComplete set up of two levels shows the juxtaposition †¢Jesus wrong accusation / Peter true accusation †¢Ambrogio’s Lorenzetti: Allegories of Good and Bad Government oReflecting the new interest in civic humanism oAllegory of a â€Å"good† vs â€Å"bad† type of governments Effects of a Good government in a republican commune †¢The city and its country side, and its is enclosed by a protective wall oCity enormous attention to the fabrics, there are shops, education, women dancing, marriage, buildings being built †¢Specific location of Sienna > bell tower with dome oAttention to the detail of the landscape oBustling trade beteen the city and the country in times of peace, which leads to the economic prosperity that encourages patronage of the a rts. Moving towards France †¢Naturalism- sensual experience, very rich expensive colors, lots of gold, large emphasis on detail oShowing aspects of luxurious parts of nature †¢The Limbourg Brothers The Adoration of the Magi and the east of the Epiphany oThey are small portable books for religious devotions oFavoured by the aristrocracy, Jan van Eyck and the Renaissance in the Netherlands †¢The Netherlands in the 15th century, like Italy, evolved from medieval feudalism into bourgeois mercantile economy. Commercial and artistic contact between Italy and the North was thriving; Italina courts employed Netherland artists, and the North attracted business from Italy oThere was a cross-cultural interchange †¢Gothic tradition persisted more in the North, where the use of oil painting lent itself to precision of execution and richness of color oOil dries slowly, it can be reworked and revised, where as fresco and tempera connot †¢Jan Van Eyck painter of the 1430s worked at the court of Bruges of Philip Good of Burgundy and he absorbed the international style as well as the newer Renaissance developments. Madona with Chancellor Nicolas Rolin oFor the church of Notre Dame in Autum shows his taste for detail and texture with which he celebrates both the heavenly and the earth world. oKneels before an open missal, his meditations interrupted by a vision of the Virgin being crowned Queen of Heaven †¢Angular folds of her dress are Gothic rather than Classical †¢Linking the two worlds in the background is the bridge, which leads the viewer’s gaze across the picture plane from Christ’s raised hand towards the chancellor. Implication is that piety and prayer are the route to salvation †¢Arnolfini Portrait oReflect the commercial ties between Italy and the North, was commissioned by a member of the Arnolfin family of Luca oGod’s presence is everywhere indicated by the chandelier, the rosary, light enetering the window, tiny wooden statue of St Margaret, chair back, mirror itself which could symbolize the eye of god. Architecture and Sculpture in Florence : 1400 – 1430 During the 15th Century the Rensaissance was the dominant cultural force in Florence †¢In 1401 the Opera del Duomo announced a competition for a pair of bronze doors for the bapestry. oSubmitting bronze relief of the sacrifice of Isaac oIn the Genesis, Abraham is instructed by God to sacrifice his son Isaac as proof of his faith oAbraham substitues a ra m for Isaac †¢Although their quatrefoil frames are gothic, they both reflect the emergence of the new Renaissance †¢Lorenzo Ghilbertu and Filippo Brunelleschi Ghilberti’s is the most elegant, it forms the more restrained and graceful oBrunelleschi’s is the more powerful that the two, his angel forcefully grasps Abraham’s arm as the patriarch is about to plunge his knife on Isaac oThe dynamic force of Brunelleschi’s angel is countered by the strong diagonal of his Abraham pushing Isaac forward oGhilberti’s Isaac, in contrast, is graceful Classical nude, rendering with slight contrapposto gazing into his father’s face oGhilberti plays more attention to rhythmic patters in the rock formations, whereas Brunelleschi like Giotto, focuses intensely on dramatic relationships. Posing of the ram, Ghilberti it is on a rock paitently awaiting its fate, and on Brunelleschi it is beside Isaac, and echoes his twisted and agitated pose. oThe na turalism and Classical form presented in both reliefs place them in the forefront of the new style. †¢Artists studied ancient statues for content as well as for form is evident in Brunelleschi’s seated figure behind the mule. †¢Architecture of Brunelleschi †¢He created a transition in architecture from the Middle ages to the Renaissance oAfter losing the competition, he renounced sculpture and turned his genius to architecture oHe returned to Florence and designed the dome or coupola The Dome oDiamter of nearly 140 feet, the space of the cathedrals octagonal crossing was larger than anything that had been spanned since the construction of the Pantheon in Rome oThe 14th C octagonal dum cathedral precluded a perfectly hemispherical dome †¢Brunelleschi proposed a solution to eliminate the need for centering the wooden scaffoldings that was normally built from the floor upwards for vaulting large spaces. †¢Insead the proposed to construct a skeleton of e ight large ribs which are cisible on the exterior, each extenddng from one angle of the octagon to the base of the lantern. The material used was brick which was lighter than stone, and the sue of a double shell with a space n between also reduced the weight of the structure. †¢Chruch of San Lorenzo oHe rejected the roaring verticals of Gothic and brought the experience of space down to a more human scale. oHe was commissioned to replaced a Romanesque church behind the Medici residence †¢The Church of Santo Spirito oRebuildining the church, showing off his mature style oAs in the Hospital, Brunelleschi based the plan on the harmonious proportions of the square. oThe preference of solid forms and geometric shapres reached a new intensity at Santo Spirito. Or San Michele : The Exterior Niches oIt is a church oThe guild commissioned young artists to make the exterior sculptures: Donatello, Ghilberti and Nanni di Banco oThey are only a few feet above the street and as a resul t, they seem to communicate with the citizens of Florence. †¢They reinforce the city’s view of the mediating power of imagery, expressing the religious beliefs and economic and political concerns of Florence. †¢Donatello Saint George oThe guild of armorer and sord makers commissioned Donatello a marble statue of Saint George oHis firm stance accentuated by the slight twist of his shoulder is reinforced by the shield. The miliarty iconography probably alludes to a combination of factors – the armor produced by the guild, the medieval chivalric tradition, and the determination of Florence to repel hostile forces. †¢Saint Mark oRelaxed contrapposto pose, similar to that of the marble David, this reflects classical influence oThe drapery is also classical, it folds revealing the anatomy of the figure. oHe is rendered as an introspective thinker, carrying the gosel in a powerful veined hand that emphasized the relationship of the saint to his written text. On the top the image of Christ also has a text as well as a little lion in the bottom. †¢John the Baptists oWhereas the formal movement of St Mark’s drapery falls narturally according to the laws of gravity, the drapery of Ghilberti’s bronze John the Baptists sweeps upwards in a series of rhythmic curves. oClassically proportioned similar to saint Mark, but Ghilberti’s figure stands in a similar pose, with the left leg providing the support and the right knee bent, but the contrapposto is nearly hidden under the voluminous drapery patterns. Sufrace pattering is repeated in the saint’s hair and beard, as well as hair shirt above the robe †¢Affinity for elegance. The medium was bronze, which was more expensive than marble, appealed to the image of wealth the guild wished to protect. oDonatello Slaying the Dragon †¢Marble relief on the base of the niche, Donatello represented the feat that made Saint George famous: killing the dragon to rescu e the princess. †¢Earliest example of Donatello’s revolutionary depiction of space in a relief sculpture. He departed from old age technique of carving relief, in which the surface was plane was flat and forms projected from it in varying degrees . †¢Varied background surface with forms carved in very shallow reelif in contrast to the deeper relief of the aint spearing the Dragon. †¢This technique is known as schiacciato â€Å"squashed† and creates an impression of distant landscape and of receding arcade at the right. †¢Gentil Fabriano The adoration of the Magi oDepicts the physical world of surface textures. Engages viewers in the sights and sounds of courtly splendor, particularly in this masterpiece. oComissioned by Palla Strozzi, the wealthiest man in Florence. oThis was the style of European courtes, with their tatstes for elegant materials, exotic Gothic elements, crowded picture planes, and late Gothic interest in detail of nature. oReflect s the wealth and magnificence of Palla’s patronage oThe abundance of fold brocade, exotic animals, monkeys, leopards and falconds and a landscape detail are characteristic of the International Gothic style oGospel of Matthew Gentile was the first painter to adopt Donatello’s schiaccato to create the illusion of distance †¢The Brancacci Chapel Frescoes: Temptation and Expulsion of Adam and Eve oThey are rendered in chiatoscuro highlighted against a dark background oThe snake wining itself around the tree frames Eve, clearly indetifying her as the instigator of the Fall oThe expulsion, earliest nudes of the Renaissance painting othey stride forwards through the light of day, casting shadows back oEmphasis on mass and contour: Adam hunches over, his exaggerated right shoulder accentuating his shame as he coveres his face and draws his breath inwards Brunelleschi’s Prespective System †¢Create the illusion of depth on a flat picture frame †¢He fixed the viewpoint of the viewer at the same location as that of the artist †¢As a method of controlling and directing the viewer’s line of sight, artists chose a vanishing point, where lines of sight converged. †¢When there was a single vanishing point, the system used was known as one point prespective †¢Because Renaissance artists aspired to naturalism, this method of constructing pictures and reliefs had enormous appeal. It allowed Renaissance painters to pierce the picture plane and create the illusion of 3D space on a surface that in reality was 2D †¢Massaccio’s The Trinity †¢Is the first Renaissance painting to completely follow Brunelleschi’s new one point system of prespective †¢It represents an illusionistic chapel, cut into the wall which is occupied by the trinity †¢God is hovering over Christ and to the sides is the dove of the holy spirit and kneeling are the donors, generally thought to be members of the politically powerful Lenzi family. There is an iscription that reads â€Å" I was once what you are, and what I am you will also be† admonishing the living to beware of tempetations of material pleasures and their ultimaye transience. †¢Serves a reminder that through Christ’s death the sins of Adam and by extension those of mandkind are redeemed. †¢He separates the space of the holy figures from the worldly space of the viewer. â⠂¬ ¢He has constructed a hierarchy figural pyramid with his contemporaries closer to the viewing point. Masaccio follows Brunellesci’s system in which the viewer are assumed to look upward into the architecture. Italy at Mid –Century: Innovation and Tradition †¢Following Masaccio’s death, a new generation of painters in Florence, would build on his †¢Given the political situation in Florence, patronage was closely bound up with the Medici family †¢Leon Battista Alberti oClose friend and adviser of the medici family was a key figure in Renaissance art theory and a leading intellectual. †¢Fra Angelico †¢San Amarco Altarpiece One of the clearest examples of Alberti’s influence on painters oFor the Dominican church of San Marco in Florence oIts subject matter is traditional, representing the enthroned Virgin and Child surrounded by saits, but the prespective and certain iconographic features reflect the latest 15th C developments oThe square of the Turkish carpet provide orthogonals leading to the central vanishing point at the Virgin’s torso. oThe central line of the grid bisects the painting exactly so that the heads of the main figures (except for the Virgin) are framed in squares. Formal order and symmetry oThree friars at the right are balanced by three saints at the left oReplacing the traditional Gothic throne is a Classical niche similar to the one in Masaccio’s Trinity oFra Angelico follows Alberti by creating different kinds of variety of textures, pose, gestures oHe has also depicted the natural force of gravity in the draperies, especially the heavy robes of the Medici patron saints Cosmas and Damian Painting in Florence, II: 1430 – 1460 †¢The wealth of art produced in Florence around the middle of the 15th century, was enormous. Perhaps the most significant of the painters who where contemporaries of Fra Angelico, and Filipo Lippu were Paolo Uccello, Andrea del Castagono and Domenico Veneziano. †¢Oaili Ucello, Battle of San Romano oThe central scene is the most symmetrical balanced of the three, although the narrative continues from left to right. oIts centrality is accentuated by the rearing white horse whose rider falls backwards, knocked off balance, by the long horizontal lance thirsted at him oThe episode contains densed crowding, indicating that the troops are engaged in the height of balance n the deluge a gemoteric order underlies the surface chaos. Ucello not only plays with prespective here, but with colors, especially noted in the horses (blue) that accentuate the conceptual character of the figures as well as of the space. †¢Domenico Veneziano Saint Lucy Altarpiece oWas commissioned for the high altar of the small church of Santa Lucia del Magnoli oIt is a sacra Convesazione holy figu res in sacred space communicate through pose and gesture. oHere they are in symmetrical prespectival setting, with a vanashing point slightly below the central around Mary’s lap. Sculpture and Architecture in Florence 1430’s – 1460’s †¢Brunelleschi’s theory of prespective and Alberti’s writtings continued to inform painting, sculpture and architecture throughout Italy as well as in Florence. †¢Bernardo Rossellino â€Å"Tomb of Leonardo Bruni† 1455 oFlorence decided to honored him with a funeral modeled on those accorded heroes in ancient Rome. oBecame the paradigm of the monumental humanist tomb The symmetrical structure of the tomb, with the framing Cornithina pilasters supporting a round arch, corresponds to the architectural aethetics of Brunellescho and Alberti oAbove the arch two winged putti display a laurel-wreath tondo containing a relief sculpture of a lion > the symbol of Florence, and the Bruny coat of arms. oBelow the arch, another tondo contains the Virgin and Christ oHe holds a book, probably to be identified as his History of the Florentine People which together with the eagles was a remind er of the Roman origins of the city’s republican character. †¢Donatello in the Mid Fifteen Century The earliest surviving nearly life sized organic nude since antiquity, the David is documented as being in the courtyard of the Medici Palace as of 1469 oIt has a relaxed contrapposto stance that is based on such Classical statues oHe depicts the hero as a slim, graceful, effete adolescent – an unusual conception of the biblical killer of Goliath oHe has a smug, self satisfied character †¢Donatello Gattamelata oEquesterian monument honoring the condotiere Erasmo da Narni known as Gattamelata oIwnes its impact to Donatello’s genius fro intellectual synthesis, technical skill and innovative approach to forma and psychology. The conception of the work, as well as the idealization of the figure, reflects Renaissance notins of the dignity of man. oHe is rendered as a graceful leader mounted on a powerful war horse. oDonatello has merged aspects of the tradit ional equestrian monument with antique iconography which is to portray Gattamelata as another Platonic guardian of the state. †¢Guards the state in the present and thus is continually watchful oThe iconography on his antique armor reinforces this role, most aggressively the winged meussa head on his breastplate. †¢Elsewhere on his armour are numerous figures of eros in various poses